IPCC:AR6/SROCC/Chapter-5 - Revision history

Laura: /* Supplementary Material */

2026-06-01T09:09:55Z

Supplementary Material

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	To view the Supplementary Material for Chapter 5 click on the image below		To view the Supplementary Material for Chapter 5 click on the image below

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	[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/SROCC_Ch05-SM_FINAL.pdf [[File:759d4044a57902eceb97616549e4bc82 SROCC-Ch5-SM-Cover.jpg]]]		[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/SROCC_Ch05-SM_FINAL.pdf [[File:759d4044a57902eceb97616549e4bc82 SROCC-Ch5-SM-Cover.jpg\|200px]]]

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Laura: /* Box 5.6 Policy Responses to Ocean Acidification: Is there an International Governance Gap? */

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Box 5.6 Policy Responses to Ocean Acidification: Is there an International Governance Gap?

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	Adaptation to climate change could also include a more integrated approach to reduce ocean acidification impacts (Section 5.5.2). Proposed adaptation actions for ocean acidification (Kelly et al., 2011<sup>[[#fn:r2498\|2498]]</sup> ; Billé et al., 2013<sup>[[#fn:r2499\|2499]]</sup> ; Strong et al., 2014<sup>[[#fn:r2500\|2500]]</sup> ; Albright et al., 2016a<sup>[[#fn:r2501\|2501]]</sup>) include reduction of pollution and other stressors (thereby strengthening resilience); water treatment (e.g., for high value aquaculture); and the use of seaweed cultivation and seagrass restoration to slow longterm pH changes (although short-term variability may be increased) (Sabine, 2018<sup>[[#fn:r2502\|2502]]</sup>). These measures are generally applicable to relatively limited spatial scales; whilst they may succeed in ‘buying time’, their future effectiveness will decrease unless underlying global drivers are also addressed (''high confidence'').		Adaptation to climate change could also include a more integrated approach to reduce ocean acidification impacts (Section 5.5.2). Proposed adaptation actions for ocean acidification (Kelly et al., 2011<sup>[[#fn:r2498\|2498]]</sup> ; Billé et al., 2013<sup>[[#fn:r2499\|2499]]</sup> ; Strong et al., 2014<sup>[[#fn:r2500\|2500]]</sup> ; Albright et al., 2016a<sup>[[#fn:r2501\|2501]]</sup>) include reduction of pollution and other stressors (thereby strengthening resilience); water treatment (e.g., for high value aquaculture); and the use of seaweed cultivation and seagrass restoration to slow longterm pH changes (although short-term variability may be increased) (Sabine, 2018<sup>[[#fn:r2502\|2502]]</sup>). These measures are generally applicable to relatively limited spatial scales; whilst they may succeed in ‘buying time’, their future effectiveness will decrease unless underlying global drivers are also addressed (''high confidence'').
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			<span id="synthesis"></span>

	~~<span id="synthesis"></span>~~
	== 5.6 Synthesis ==		== 5.6 Synthesis ==

Laura: /* 5.5.3 Governance Across All Scales */

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5.5.3 Governance Across All Scales

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	<span id="box-5.6-policy-responses-to-ocean-acidification-is-there-an-international-governance-gap"></span>		<span id="box-5.6-policy-responses-to-ocean-acidification-is-there-an-international-governance-gap"></span>
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	== Box 5.6 Policy Responses to Ocean Acidification: Is there an International Governance Gap? ==		== Box 5.6 Policy Responses to Ocean Acidification: Is there an International Governance Gap? ==

Laura: /* Box 5.5 Coral Reef Restoration as Ocean-based Adaptation */

2026-06-01T09:08:42Z

Box 5.5 Coral Reef Restoration as Ocean-based Adaptation

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	<div id="section-5-5-2-1ecosystem-based-adaptation-block-4"></div>		<div id="section-5-5-2-1ecosystem-based-adaptation-block-4"></div>

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	<span id="box-5.6-policy-responses-to-ocean-acidification-is-there-an-international-governance-gap"></span>		<span id="box-5.6-policy-responses-to-ocean-acidification-is-there-an-international-governance-gap"></span>

	== Box 5.6 Policy Responses to Ocean Acidification: Is there an International Governance Gap? ==		== Box 5.6 Policy Responses to Ocean Acidification: Is there an International Governance Gap? ==

Laura: /* 5.5.2.1.2 Adaptation in coral reefs */

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5.5.2.1.2 Adaptation in coral reefs

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	<span id="box-5.5-coral-reef-restoration-as-ocean-based-adaptation"></span>		<span id="box-5.5-coral-reef-restoration-as-ocean-based-adaptation"></span>
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	== Box 5.5 Coral Reef Restoration as Ocean-based Adaptation ==		== Box 5.5 Coral Reef Restoration as Ocean-based Adaptation ==

Laura: /* Box 5.4 Harmful Algal Blooms and Climate Change */

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Box 5.4 Harmful Algal Blooms and Climate Change

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	Overall, the occurrence of HABs, their toxicity and risk on natural and human systems are projected to continue to increase with warming and rising CO 2 in the 21st century(Glibert et al., 2014; Martín-García et al., 2014; McCabe et al., 2016; Paerl et al., 2016; Gobler et al., 2017; McKibben et al., 2017; Rodríguez et al., 2017; Paerl et al., 2018; Riebesell et al., 2018) (''high confidence).'' Moreover, poleward distributional shifts of HAB species are expected to continue as a result of warming (Townhill et al., 2018) ''.'' The increasing likelihood of occurrences of HABs under climate change also elevates their risks on ecosystem services such as fisheries, aquaculture and tourism as well as public health (Section 5.4.2, ''high confidence''). Such risks will be greatest in poorly monitored areas (Borbor-Córdova et al., 2018; Cuellar-Martinez et al., 2018)		Overall, the occurrence of HABs, their toxicity and risk on natural and human systems are projected to continue to increase with warming and rising CO 2 in the 21st century(Glibert et al., 2014; Martín-García et al., 2014; McCabe et al., 2016; Paerl et al., 2016; Gobler et al., 2017; McKibben et al., 2017; Rodríguez et al., 2017; Paerl et al., 2018; Riebesell et al., 2018) (''high confidence).'' Moreover, poleward distributional shifts of HAB species are expected to continue as a result of warming (Townhill et al., 2018) ''.'' The increasing likelihood of occurrences of HABs under climate change also elevates their risks on ecosystem services such as fisheries, aquaculture and tourism as well as public health (Section 5.4.2, ''high confidence''). Such risks will be greatest in poorly monitored areas (Borbor-Córdova et al., 2018; Cuellar-Martinez et al., 2018)
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	<div id="section-5-4-2-1human-health-and-environmental-health-block-3"></div>		<div id="section-5-4-2-1human-health-and-environmental-health-block-3"></div>

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	<span id="risk-reduction-responses-and-their-governance"></span>		<span id="risk-reduction-responses-and-their-governance"></span>

	== 5.5 Risk-reduction Responses and their Governance ==		== 5.5 Risk-reduction Responses and their Governance ==

Laura: /* 5.4.2.1.1 Water-borne diseases */

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5.4.2.1.1 Water-borne diseases

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	<span id="box-5.4-harmful-algal-blooms-and-climate-change"></span>		<span id="box-5.4-harmful-algal-blooms-and-climate-change"></span>
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	== Box 5.4 Harmful Algal Blooms and Climate Change ==		== Box 5.4 Harmful Algal Blooms and Climate Change ==

Laura: /* Box 5.3 Responses of Coupled Human-Natural Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems to Climate Change */

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Box 5.3 Responses of Coupled Human-Natural Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems to Climate Change

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	Overall, EBUS have been changing with intensification of winds that drives the upwelling, leading to changes in water temperature and other ocean biogeochemistry (''medium confidence''). Three out of the four major EBUS have shown upwelling intensification in the past 60 years, with strongly increasing trends in ocean acidification and deoxygenation in the two Pacific EBUS in the last few decades (''high confidence''). The expanding oxygen minimum zone in the California EBUS has altered ecosystem structure and and fisheries catches (''medium confidence''). However, the direction and magnitude of observed changes vary among and within EBUS, with uncertainties regarding the driving mechanisms behind this variability. Moreover, the high natural variability of EBUS and their insufficient representation by global ESMs gives ''low confidence'' that these observed changes can be attributed to anthropogenic causes, which are predicted to emerge primarily in the second half of the 21st century (''medium confidence'') (Brady et al., 2017). Given the high sensitivity of the coupled human-natural EBUS to oceanographic changes, the future sustainable delivery of key ecosystem services from EBUS is at risk under climate change; those that are most at risk in the 21st century include fisheries (''high confidence''), aquaculture (''medium confidence''), coastal tourism (''low confidence'') and climate regulation (''low confidence''). For vulnerable human communities with a strong dependence on EBUS services and low adaptive capacity, such as those along the Canary Current system (Belhabib et al., 2016; Blasiak et al., 2017), unmitigated climate change effects on EBUS (complicated by other non-climatic stresses such as social unrest) have a high risk of altering their development pathways (''high confidence'').		Overall, EBUS have been changing with intensification of winds that drives the upwelling, leading to changes in water temperature and other ocean biogeochemistry (''medium confidence''). Three out of the four major EBUS have shown upwelling intensification in the past 60 years, with strongly increasing trends in ocean acidification and deoxygenation in the two Pacific EBUS in the last few decades (''high confidence''). The expanding oxygen minimum zone in the California EBUS has altered ecosystem structure and and fisheries catches (''medium confidence''). However, the direction and magnitude of observed changes vary among and within EBUS, with uncertainties regarding the driving mechanisms behind this variability. Moreover, the high natural variability of EBUS and their insufficient representation by global ESMs gives ''low confidence'' that these observed changes can be attributed to anthropogenic causes, which are predicted to emerge primarily in the second half of the 21st century (''medium confidence'') (Brady et al., 2017). Given the high sensitivity of the coupled human-natural EBUS to oceanographic changes, the future sustainable delivery of key ecosystem services from EBUS is at risk under climate change; those that are most at risk in the 21st century include fisheries (''high confidence''), aquaculture (''medium confidence''), coastal tourism (''low confidence'') and climate regulation (''low confidence''). For vulnerable human communities with a strong dependence on EBUS services and low adaptive capacity, such as those along the Canary Current system (Belhabib et al., 2016; Blasiak et al., 2017), unmitigated climate change effects on EBUS (complicated by other non-climatic stresses such as social unrest) have a high risk of altering their development pathways (''high confidence'').
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	<div id="section-5-4-1-2regulating-services"></div>		<div id="section-5-4-1-2regulating-services"></div>

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	<span id="box-5.4-harmful-algal-blooms-and-climate-change"></span>		<span id="box-5.4-harmful-algal-blooms-and-climate-change"></span>

	== Box 5.4 Harmful Algal Blooms and Climate Change ==		== Box 5.4 Harmful Algal Blooms and Climate Change ==

Laura: /* 5.4.1.1 Provisioning Services */

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5.4.1.1 Provisioning Services

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	<span id="box-5.3-responses-of-coupled-human-natural-eastern-boundary-upwelling-systems-to-climate-change"></span>		<span id="box-5.3-responses-of-coupled-human-natural-eastern-boundary-upwelling-systems-to-climate-change"></span>
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	== Box 5.3 Responses of Coupled Human-Natural Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems to Climate Change ==		== Box 5.3 Responses of Coupled Human-Natural Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems to Climate Change ==

Laura: /* Box 5.2 Cold Water Corals and Sponges */

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Box 5.2 Cold Water Corals and Sponges

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	Overall, cold water corals can survive conditions of aragonite-undersaturation associated with ocean acidification but sensitivity varies among species and skeletons will be weakened (''medium confidence''). The largest impacts on calcification and growth will occur when aragonite saturation is accompanied by warming and/or decrease in oxygen concentration beyond the tolerance limits of these corals (''medium confidence)'' . Given present day occurrence of 95% of cold water corals above the aragonite saturation horizon (Guinotte et al., 2006) and that no adaptation has been detected with regard to increased dissolution of exposed aragonite (Eyre et al., 2014), there is limited scope for the non-living components of cold water corals and for the large, non-living reef framework that comprises deep water reefs to avoid dissolution under RCP8.5 in the 21st century (''high confidence''). Multiple climatic hazards of warming, deoxygenation, aragonite under-saturation and decrease in POC flux are projected to negatively affect cold water corals worldwide from the present day by 2100 (''high confidence''). Uncertainty remains in the adaptive capacity of living cold water corals to cope with these changes and in the influence of altered regional current patterns on connectivity (Fox et al. 2016; Roberts et al., 2017). Sponges and the habitat they form may be less vulnerable than cold water corals to warming, acidification and deoxygenation that will occur under RCP8.5 in 2100 (''low confidence'').		Overall, cold water corals can survive conditions of aragonite-undersaturation associated with ocean acidification but sensitivity varies among species and skeletons will be weakened (''medium confidence''). The largest impacts on calcification and growth will occur when aragonite saturation is accompanied by warming and/or decrease in oxygen concentration beyond the tolerance limits of these corals (''medium confidence)'' . Given present day occurrence of 95% of cold water corals above the aragonite saturation horizon (Guinotte et al., 2006) and that no adaptation has been detected with regard to increased dissolution of exposed aragonite (Eyre et al., 2014), there is limited scope for the non-living components of cold water corals and for the large, non-living reef framework that comprises deep water reefs to avoid dissolution under RCP8.5 in the 21st century (''high confidence''). Multiple climatic hazards of warming, deoxygenation, aragonite under-saturation and decrease in POC flux are projected to negatively affect cold water corals worldwide from the present day by 2100 (''high confidence''). Uncertainty remains in the adaptive capacity of living cold water corals to cope with these changes and in the influence of altered regional current patterns on connectivity (Fox et al. 2016; Roberts et al., 2017). Sponges and the habitat they form may be less vulnerable than cold water corals to warming, acidification and deoxygenation that will occur under RCP8.5 in 2100 (''low confidence'').
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	<span id="risk-assessment-of-open-ocean-ecosystems"></span>		<span id="risk-assessment-of-open-ocean-ecosystems"></span>
	=== 5.2.5 Risk Assessment of Open Ocean Ecosystems ===		=== 5.2.5 Risk Assessment of Open Ocean Ecosystems ===
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	<span id="changing-coastal-ecosystems-and-biodiversity"></span>		<span id="changing-coastal-ecosystems-and-biodiversity"></span>

	== 5.3 Changing Coastal Ecosystems and Biodiversity ==		== 5.3 Changing Coastal Ecosystems and Biodiversity ==