IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-5 - Revision history

Laura: /* Box 5.6 Migration in the Pacific region: Impacts of climate change on food security */

2026-05-31T12:22:50Z

Box 5.6 Migration in the Pacific region: Impacts of climate change on food security

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	In Lamen Bay, Vanuatu, migration is both a cause and consequence of local vulnerabilities. While migration provides an opportunity for households to meet their immediate economic needs, it limits the ability of the community to foster longer-term economic development. At the same time, migration adversely affects the ability of the community to maintain food security due to lost labour and changing attitudes towards traditional ways of life among community members (Craven 2015<sup>[[#fn:r1487\|1487]]</sup>).		In Lamen Bay, Vanuatu, migration is both a cause and consequence of local vulnerabilities. While migration provides an opportunity for households to meet their immediate economic needs, it limits the ability of the community to foster longer-term economic development. At the same time, migration adversely affects the ability of the community to maintain food security due to lost labour and changing attitudes towards traditional ways of life among community members (Craven 2015<sup>[[#fn:r1487\|1487]]</sup>).
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	<div id="section-5-8-2-2-conflict"></div>		<div id="section-5-8-2-2-conflict"></div>

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	<span id="sm-supplementary-material"></span>		<span id="sm-supplementary-material"></span>

	== SM Supplementary Material ==		== SM Supplementary Material ==

Laura: /* 5.8.2.1 Migration */

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5.8.2.1 Migration

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	<span id="box-5.6-migration-in-the-pacific-region-impacts-of-climate-change-on-food-security"></span>		<span id="box-5.6-migration-in-the-pacific-region-impacts-of-climate-change-on-food-security"></span>
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	== Box 5.6 Migration in the Pacific region: Impacts of climate change on food security ==		== Box 5.6 Migration in the Pacific region: Impacts of climate change on food security ==

Laura: /* Box 5.5 Market drivers and the consequences of extreme weather in 2010–2011 */

2026-05-31T12:22:10Z

Box 5.5 Market drivers and the consequences of extreme weather in 2010–2011

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	Price spikes also impact on food security in the developed world. In the UK, global commodity price inflation influenced local food prices, increasing food-price inflation by about five times at the end of 2010. Comparing household purchases over the five-year period from 2007 to 2011 showed that the amount of food bought declined, on average, by 4.2%, whilst paying 12% more for it. The lowest income decile spent 17% more by 2011 than they did in 2007 (Holding et al. 2013<sup>[[#fn:r1355\|1355]]</sup>; Tadasse et al. 2016<sup>[[#fn:r1356\|1356]]</sup>). Consumers also saved money by trading down for cheaper alternatives. For the poorest, in the extreme situation, food became unaffordable: the Trussell Trust, a charity supplying emergency food handouts for people in crisis, noted a 50% increase in handouts in 2010.		Price spikes also impact on food security in the developed world. In the UK, global commodity price inflation influenced local food prices, increasing food-price inflation by about five times at the end of 2010. Comparing household purchases over the five-year period from 2007 to 2011 showed that the amount of food bought declined, on average, by 4.2%, whilst paying 12% more for it. The lowest income decile spent 17% more by 2011 than they did in 2007 (Holding et al. 2013<sup>[[#fn:r1355\|1355]]</sup>; Tadasse et al. 2016<sup>[[#fn:r1356\|1356]]</sup>). Consumers also saved money by trading down for cheaper alternatives. For the poorest, in the extreme situation, food became unaffordable: the Trussell Trust, a charity supplying emergency food handouts for people in crisis, noted a 50% increase in handouts in 2010.
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	<span id="migration-and-conflict"></span>		<span id="migration-and-conflict"></span>
	=== 5.8.2 Migration and conflict ===		=== 5.8.2 Migration and conflict ===
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	<span id="box-5.6-migration-in-the-pacific-region-impacts-of-climate-change-on-food-security"></span>		<span id="box-5.6-migration-in-the-pacific-region-impacts-of-climate-change-on-food-security"></span>

	== Box 5.6 Migration in the Pacific region: Impacts of climate change on food security ==		== Box 5.6 Migration in the Pacific region: Impacts of climate change on food security ==

Laura: /* 5.8.1 Food price spikes */

2026-05-31T12:21:52Z

5.8.1 Food price spikes

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	<span id="box-5.5-market-drivers-and-the-consequences-of-extreme-weather-in-20102011"></span>		<span id="box-5.5-market-drivers-and-the-consequences-of-extreme-weather-in-20102011"></span>
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	== Box 5.5 Market drivers and the consequences of extreme weather in 2010–2011 ==		== Box 5.5 Market drivers and the consequences of extreme weather in 2010–2011 ==

Laura: /* CCB6 Agricultural intensification: Land sparing, land sharing and sustainability */

2026-05-31T12:21:04Z

CCB6 Agricultural intensification: Land sparing, land sharing and sustainability

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	Intensification needs to be achieved sustainably, necessitating a balance between productivity today and future potential (''high agreement, medium evidence''). Improving the efficiency of agriculture systems can increase production per unit of land through more effective resource use. To achieve SI, some intensively managed agricultural systems may have to be diversified as they cannot be further intensified without land degradation. A combination of land sparing and sharing options can be utilised to achieve SI – their application is most likely to succeed if applied using a landscape approach.		Intensification needs to be achieved sustainably, necessitating a balance between productivity today and future potential (''high agreement, medium evidence''). Improving the efficiency of agriculture systems can increase production per unit of land through more effective resource use. To achieve SI, some intensively managed agricultural systems may have to be diversified as they cannot be further intensified without land degradation. A combination of land sparing and sharing options can be utilised to achieve SI – their application is most likely to succeed if applied using a landscape approach.
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	<span id="role-of-urban-agriculture"></span>		<span id="role-of-urban-agriculture"></span>
	=== 5.6.5 Role of urban agriculture ===		=== 5.6.5 Role of urban agriculture ===
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	<!-- END IMG -->		<!-- END IMG -->
	<span id="enabling-conditions-and-knowledge-gaps"></span>		<span id="enabling-conditions-and-knowledge-gaps"></span>

	== 5.7 Enabling conditions and knowledge gaps ==		== 5.7 Enabling conditions and knowledge gaps ==

Laura: /* 5.6.4.4 Sustainable intensification */

2026-05-31T12:20:22Z

5.6.4.4 Sustainable intensification

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	<span id="ccb6-agricultural-intensification-land-sparing-land-sharing-and-sustainability"></span>		<span id="ccb6-agricultural-intensification-land-sparing-land-sharing-and-sustainability"></span>
			<div class="container-box col-cross">

	== CCB6 Agricultural intensification: Land sparing, land sharing and sustainability ==		== CCB6 Agricultural intensification: Land sparing, land sharing and sustainability ==

Laura: /* Box 5.4 Towards sustainable intensification in South America */

2026-05-31T12:19:21Z

Box 5.4 Towards sustainable intensification in South America

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	Overall, historical data and projections show that South America is one of the regions of the world with the highest potential to increase crop and livestock production in the coming decades in a sustainable manner (Cohn et al. 2014<sup>[[#fn:r795\|795]]</sup>), increasing food supply to more densely populated regions in Asia, Middle East and Europe. However, a great and coordinated effort is required from governments, industry, traders, scientists and the international community to improve planning, monitoring and innovation to guarantee sustainable intensification of its agricultural systems, contribution to GHG mitigation, and conservation of the surrounding environment (Negra et al. 2014<sup>[[#fn:r796\|796]]</sup>; Curtis et al. 2018<sup>[[#fn:r797\|797]]</sup> and Lambin et al. 2018<sup>[[#fn:r798\|798]]</sup>).		Overall, historical data and projections show that South America is one of the regions of the world with the highest potential to increase crop and livestock production in the coming decades in a sustainable manner (Cohn et al. 2014<sup>[[#fn:r795\|795]]</sup>), increasing food supply to more densely populated regions in Asia, Middle East and Europe. However, a great and coordinated effort is required from governments, industry, traders, scientists and the international community to improve planning, monitoring and innovation to guarantee sustainable intensification of its agricultural systems, contribution to GHG mitigation, and conservation of the surrounding environment (Negra et al. 2014<sup>[[#fn:r796\|796]]</sup>; Curtis et al. 2018<sup>[[#fn:r797\|797]]</sup> and Lambin et al. 2018<sup>[[#fn:r798\|798]]</sup>).
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	<div id="section-5-5-1-1-greenhouse-gas-mitigation-in-croplands-and-soils"></div>		<div id="section-5-5-1-1-greenhouse-gas-mitigation-in-croplands-and-soils"></div>

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	<span id="mitigation-adaptation-food-security-and-land-use-synergies-trade-offs-and-co-benefits"></span>		<span id="mitigation-adaptation-food-security-and-land-use-synergies-trade-offs-and-co-benefits"></span>

	== 5.6 Mitigation, adaptation, food security and land use: Synergies, trade-offs and co-benefits ==		== 5.6 Mitigation, adaptation, food security and land use: Synergies, trade-offs and co-benefits ==

Laura: /* 5.5.1 Supply-side mitigation options */

2026-05-31T12:18:59Z

5.5.1 Supply-side mitigation options

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	<span id="box-5.4-towards-sustainable-intensification-in-south-america"></span>		<span id="box-5.4-towards-sustainable-intensification-in-south-america"></span>
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	== Box 5.4 Towards sustainable intensification in South America ==		== Box 5.4 Towards sustainable intensification in South America ==

Laura: /* 5.4.1 Greenhouse gas emissions from food systems */

2026-05-31T12:18:33Z

5.4.1 Greenhouse gas emissions from food systems

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	<span id="ghg-emissions-gtco2-eq-yr1-from-the-food-system-and-their-contribution-to-total-anthropogenic-emissions.-mean-of-20072016-period."></span>		<span id="ghg-emissions-gtco2-eq-yr1-from-the-food-system-and-their-contribution-to-total-anthropogenic-emissions.-mean-of-20072016-period."></span>

	<!-- IMG CAPTION -->		<!-- IMG CAPTION -->
	'''GHG emissions (GtCO2-eq yr–1) from the food system and their contribution (%) to total anthropogenic emissions. Mean of 2007–2016 period.'''		'''GHG emissions (GtCO2-eq yr–1) from the food system and their contribution (%) to total anthropogenic emissions. Mean of 2007–2016 period.'''

	<!-- IMG FILE -->		<!-- IMG FILE -->
	[[File:f551116aadc33969b6bcfc8d8bf8be84 Table-5.4.png]]		[[File:f551116aadc33969b6bcfc8d8bf8be84 Table-5.4.png]]
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	<span id="greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-croplands-and-soils"></span>		<span id="greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-croplands-and-soils"></span>

	=== 5.4.2 Greenhouse gas emissions from croplands and soils ===		=== 5.4.2 Greenhouse gas emissions from croplands and soils ===

Laura: /* Box 5.3 Climate change and indigenous food systems in the Hindu-Kush Himalayan Region */

2026-05-31T12:18:03Z

Box 5.3 Climate change and indigenous food systems in the Hindu-Kush Himalayan Region

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	NUS can provide both climate resilience and more options for dietary diversity to the farming communities of mountain ecosystems. Some of these indigenous crops have high medical importance. For example, mountain people in the HKH region have been using ''jammun (i.e., Syzygium cumini'') to treat diabetes. In the Gilgit-Baltistan province of Pakistan, realising the importance of sea-buckthorn for nutritional and medicinal purposes, local communities have expanded its cultivation to larger areas. Many of these crops can be cultivated in marginal and/or fallow land which otherwise remains fallow. Most of these species are drought resistant and can be easily grown in rainfed conditions in non-irrigated land.		NUS can provide both climate resilience and more options for dietary diversity to the farming communities of mountain ecosystems. Some of these indigenous crops have high medical importance. For example, mountain people in the HKH region have been using ''jammun (i.e., Syzygium cumini'') to treat diabetes. In the Gilgit-Baltistan province of Pakistan, realising the importance of sea-buckthorn for nutritional and medicinal purposes, local communities have expanded its cultivation to larger areas. Many of these crops can be cultivated in marginal and/or fallow land which otherwise remains fallow. Most of these species are drought resistant and can be easily grown in rainfed conditions in non-irrigated land.
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	<div id="section-5-3-2-4-role-of-cultural-values"></div>		<div id="section-5-3-2-4-role-of-cultural-values"></div>

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	<span id="impacts-of-food-systems-on-climate-change"></span>		<span id="impacts-of-food-systems-on-climate-change"></span>

	== 5.4 Impacts of food systems on climate change ==		== 5.4 Impacts of food systems on climate change ==