IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-4 - Revision history

Laura: /* 4.8.1.1 4.8.1.1 Agronomic and soil management measures */

2026-05-31T12:11:03Z

4.8.1.1 4.8.1.1 Agronomic and soil management measures

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	<span id="agronomic-and-soil-management-measures"></span>		<span id="agronomic-and-soil-management-measures"></span>
	==== ~~4.8.1.1~~ 4.8.1.1 Agronomic and soil management measures ====		==== 4.8.1.1 Agronomic and soil management measures ====

	<div id="section-4-8-1-1-agronomic-and-soil-management-measures-block-1"></div>		<div id="section-4-8-1-1-agronomic-and-soil-management-measures-block-1"></div>
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	<span id="mechanical-soil-and-water-conservation"></span>		<span id="mechanical-soil-and-water-conservation"></span>

	==== 4.8.1.2 Mechanical soil and water conservation ====		==== 4.8.1.2 Mechanical soil and water conservation ====

Laura: /* 4.8.1 4.8.1 Actions on the ground to address land degradation */

2026-05-31T12:10:54Z

4.8.1 4.8.1 Actions on the ground to address land degradation

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	<!-- END IMG -->		<!-- END IMG -->
	<span id="actions-on-the-ground-to-address-land-degradation"></span>		<span id="actions-on-the-ground-to-address-land-degradation"></span>
	=== ~~4.8.1~~ 4.8.1 Actions on the ground to address land degradation ===		=== 4.8.1 Actions on the ground to address land degradation ===

	<div id="section-4-8-1-actions-on-the-ground-to-address-land-degradation-block-1"></div>		<div id="section-4-8-1-actions-on-the-ground-to-address-land-degradation-block-1"></div>
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	<span id="local-and-indigenous-knowledge-for-addressing-land-degradation"></span>		<span id="local-and-indigenous-knowledge-for-addressing-land-degradation"></span>

	=== 4.8.2 Local and indigenous knowledge for addressing land degradation ===		=== 4.8.2 Local and indigenous knowledge for addressing land degradation ===

Laura: /* 4.8 Addressing land degradation in the context of climate change */

2026-05-31T12:10:30Z

4.8 Addressing land degradation in the context of climate change

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	<span id="interaction-of-human-and-climate-drivers-can-exacerbate-desertification-and-land-degradation."></span>		<span id="interaction-of-human-and-climate-drivers-can-exacerbate-desertification-and-land-degradation."></span>
	<!-- IMG CAPTION -->		<!-- IMG CAPTION -->
	'''Interaction of human and climate drivers can exacerbate desertification and land degradation.'''		'''Interaction of human and climate drivers can exacerbate desertification and land degradation.'''

	Climate change exacerbates the rate and magnitude of several ongoing land degradation and desertification processes. Human drivers of land degradation and desertification include expanding agriculture, agricultural practices and forest management. In turn, land degradation and desertification are also drivers of climate change through GHG emissions, reduced rates of carbon uptake, and reduced capacity of ecosystems to act as carbon sinks into the future. Impacts on climate change are either warming (in red) or cooling (in blue).		Climate change exacerbates the rate and magnitude of several ongoing land degradation and desertification processes. Human drivers of land degradation and desertification include expanding agriculture, agricultural practices and forest management. In turn, land degradation and desertification are also drivers of climate change through GHG emissions, reduced rates of carbon uptake, and reduced capacity of ecosystems to act as carbon sinks into the future. Impacts on climate change are either warming (in red) or cooling (in blue).

Laura: /* 4.8 4.8 Addressing land degradation in the context of climate change */

2026-05-31T12:09:59Z

4.8 4.8 Addressing land degradation in the context of climate change

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	<span id="addressing-land-degradation-in-the-context-of-climate-change"></span>		<span id="addressing-land-degradation-in-the-context-of-climate-change"></span>
	== ~~4.8~~ 4.8 Addressing land degradation in the context of climate change ==		== 4.8 Addressing land degradation in the context of climate change ==

	<div id="article-4-8-addressing-land-degradation-in-the-context-of-climate-change-block-1"></div>		<div id="article-4-8-addressing-land-degradation-in-the-context-of-climate-change-block-1"></div>
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	<span id="case-studies"></span>		<span id="case-studies"></span>

	== 4.9 Case studies ==		== 4.9 Case studies ==

Laura: /* 4.7.1 Relationships between land degradation, climate change and poverty */

2026-05-31T12:09:40Z

4.7.1 Relationships between land degradation, climate change and poverty

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	The poor have access to few productive assets – so land, and the natural resource base more widely, plays a key role in supporting the livelihoods of the poor. It is, however, hard to make generalisations about how important income derived from the natural resource base is for rural livelihoods in the developing world (Angelsen et al. 2014<sup>[[#fn:r860\|860]]</sup>). Studies focusing on forest resources have shown that approximately one quarter of the total rural household income in developing countries stems from forests, with forest-based income shares being tentatively higher for low-income households (Vedeld et al. 2007<sup>[[#fn:r861\|861]]</sup>; Angelsen et al. 2014<sup>[[#fn:r862\|862]]</sup>). Different groups use land in different ways within their overall livelihood portfolios and are, therefore, at different levels of exposure and sensitivity to climate shocks and stresses. The literature nevertheless displays high evidence and high agreement that those populations whose livelihoods are more sensitive to climate change and land degradation are often more dependent on environmental assets, and these people are often the poorest members of society. There is further ''high evidence'' and ''high agreement'' that both climate change and land degradation can affect livelihoods and poverty through their threat multiplier effect. Research in Bellona, in the Solomon Islands in the South Pacific (Reenberg et al. 2008<sup>[[#fn:r863\|863]]</sup>) examined event-driven impacts on livelihoods, taking into account weather events as one of many drivers of land degradation and links to broader land use and land cover changes that have taken place. Geographical locations experiencing land degradation are often the same locations that are directly affected by poverty, and also by extreme events linked to climate change and variability.		The poor have access to few productive assets – so land, and the natural resource base more widely, plays a key role in supporting the livelihoods of the poor. It is, however, hard to make generalisations about how important income derived from the natural resource base is for rural livelihoods in the developing world (Angelsen et al. 2014<sup>[[#fn:r860\|860]]</sup>). Studies focusing on forest resources have shown that approximately one quarter of the total rural household income in developing countries stems from forests, with forest-based income shares being tentatively higher for low-income households (Vedeld et al. 2007<sup>[[#fn:r861\|861]]</sup>; Angelsen et al. 2014<sup>[[#fn:r862\|862]]</sup>). Different groups use land in different ways within their overall livelihood portfolios and are, therefore, at different levels of exposure and sensitivity to climate shocks and stresses. The literature nevertheless displays high evidence and high agreement that those populations whose livelihoods are more sensitive to climate change and land degradation are often more dependent on environmental assets, and these people are often the poorest members of society. There is further ''high evidence'' and ''high agreement'' that both climate change and land degradation can affect livelihoods and poverty through their threat multiplier effect. Research in Bellona, in the Solomon Islands in the South Pacific (Reenberg et al. 2008<sup>[[#fn:r863\|863]]</sup>) examined event-driven impacts on livelihoods, taking into account weather events as one of many drivers of land degradation and links to broader land use and land cover changes that have taken place. Geographical locations experiencing land degradation are often the same locations that are directly affected by poverty, and also by extreme events linked to climate change and variability.

	Much of the assessment presented above has considered place-based analyses examining the relationships between poverty, land degradation and climate change in the locations in which these outcomes have occurred. Altieri and Nicholls (2017)<sup>[[#fn:r864\|864]]</sup> note that, due to the globalised nature of markets and consumption systems, the impacts of changes in crop yields linked to climate-related land degradation (manifest as lower yields) will be far reaching, beyond the sites and livelihoods experiencing degradation. Despite these teleconnections, farmers living in poverty in developing countries will be especially vulnerable due to their exposure, dependence on the environment for income and limited options to engage in other ways to make a living (Rosenzweig and Hillel 1998<sup>[[#fn:r865\|865]]</sup>). In identifying ways in which these interlinkages can be addressed, Scherr (2000)<sup>[[#fn:r866\|866]]</sup> observes that key actions that can jointly address poverty and environmental improvement often seek to increase access to natural resources, enhance the productivity of the natural resource assets of the poor, and engage stakeholders in addressing public natural resource management issues. In this regard, it is increasingly recognised that those suffering from, and being vulnerable to, land degradation and		Much of the assessment presented above has considered place-based analyses examining the relationships between poverty, land degradation and climate change in the locations in which these outcomes have occurred. Altieri and Nicholls (2017)<sup>[[#fn:r864\|864]]</sup> note that, due to the globalised nature of markets and consumption systems, the impacts of changes in crop yields linked to climate-related land degradation (manifest as lower yields) will be far reaching, beyond the sites and livelihoods experiencing degradation. Despite these teleconnections, farmers living in poverty in developing countries will be especially vulnerable due to their exposure, dependence on the environment for income and limited options to engage in other ways to make a living (Rosenzweig and Hillel 1998<sup>[[#fn:r865\|865]]</sup>). In identifying ways in which these interlinkages can be addressed, Scherr (2000)<sup>[[#fn:r866\|866]]</sup> observes that key actions that can jointly address poverty and environmental improvement often seek to increase access to natural resources, enhance the productivity of the natural resource assets of the poor, and engage stakeholders in addressing public natural resource management issues. In this regard, it is increasingly recognised that those suffering from, and being vulnerable to, land degradation and poverty need to have a voice and play a role in the development of solutions, especially where the natural resources and livelihood activities they depend on are further threatened by climate change.

	~~poverty need to have a voice and play a role in the development~~ of ~~solutions, especially where the natural resources and livelihood activities they depend~~ on ~~are further threatened by climate change.~~		<span id="impacts-of-climate-related-land-degradation-on-food-security"></span>

	~~<span id="impacts-of-climate-related-land-degradation-on-food-security"></span>~~
	=== 4.7.2 Impacts of climate-related land degradation on food security ===		=== 4.7.2 Impacts of climate-related land degradation on food security ===

Laura: /* 4.2.3.1 Direct linkages with climate change */

2026-05-31T12:04:44Z

4.2.3.1 Direct linkages with climate change

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	<span id="map-of-observed-soil-erosion-rates-in-database-of-4377-entries-by-garcía-ruiz-et-al.-2015.-the-map-was-published-by-li-and-fang-2016."></span>		<span id="map-of-observed-soil-erosion-rates-in-database-of-4377-entries-by-garcía-ruiz-et-al.-2015.-the-map-was-published-by-li-and-fang-2016."></span>

	<!-- IMG CAPTION -->		<!-- IMG CAPTION -->
	'''Map of observed soil erosion rates in database of 4,377 entries by García-Ruiz et al. (2015). The map was published by Li and Fang (2016).'''		'''Map of observed soil erosion rates in database of 4,377 entries by García-Ruiz et al. (2015). The map was published by Li and Fang (2016).'''

	<!-- IMG FILE -->		<!-- IMG FILE -->
	[[File:31fbf90f85fcb5e6021810a5e93836c1 Figure-4.3-1024x576.jpg]]		[[File:31fbf90f85fcb5e6021810a5e93836c1 Figure-4.3-1024x576.jpg]]
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	<span id="indirect-and-complex-linkages-with-climate-change"></span>		<span id="indirect-and-complex-linkages-with-climate-change"></span>

	==== 4.2.3.2 Indirect and complex linkages with climate change ====		==== 4.2.3.2 Indirect and complex linkages with climate change ====

Laura: /* 4.2.1.2 Land degradation processes and climate change */

2026-05-31T12:04:16Z

4.2.1.2 Land degradation processes and climate change

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	<span id="major-land-degradation-processes-and-their-connections-with-climate-change."></span>		<span id="major-land-degradation-processes-and-their-connections-with-climate-change."></span>
	<!-- IMG CAPTION -->		<!-- IMG CAPTION -->
	'''Major land degradation processes and their connections with climate change.''''		'''Major land degradation processes and their connections with climate change.'''

	For each process a ‘focal point’ (soil, water, biota) on which degradation occurs in the first place is indicated, acknowledging that most processes propagate to other land components and cascade into or interact with some of the other processes listed below. The impact of climate change on each process is categorised based on the proximity (very direct = high, very indirect = low) and dominance (dominant = high, subordinate to other pressures = low) of effects. The major effects of climate change on each process are highlighted together with the predominant pressures from other drivers. Feedbacks of land degradation processes on climate change are categorised according to the intensity (very intense = high, subtle = low) of the chemical (GHG emissions or capture) or physical (energy and momentum exchange, aerosol emissions) effects. Warming effects are indicated in red and cooling effects in blue. Specific feedbacks on climate change are highlighted.		For each process a ‘focal point’ (soil, water, biota) on which degradation occurs in the first place is indicated, acknowledging that most processes propagate to other land components and cascade into or interact with some of the other processes listed below. The impact of climate change on each process is categorised based on the proximity (very direct = high, very indirect = low) and dominance (dominant = high, subordinate to other pressures = low) of effects. The major effects of climate change on each process are highlighted together with the predominant pressures from other drivers. Feedbacks of land degradation processes on climate change are categorised according to the intensity (very intense = high, subtle = low) of the chemical (GHG emissions or capture) or physical (energy and momentum exchange, aerosol emissions) effects. Warming effects are indicated in red and cooling effects in blue. Specific feedbacks on climate change are highlighted.

Laura: /* 4.2.1.2 Land degradation processes and climate change */

2026-05-31T12:04:05Z

4.2.1.2 Land degradation processes and climate change

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	For each process a ‘focal point’ (soil, water, biota) on which degradation occurs in the first place is indicated, acknowledging that most processes propagate to other land components and cascade into or interact with some of the other processes listed below. The impact of climate change on each process is categorised based on the proximity (very direct = high, very indirect = low) and dominance (dominant = high, subordinate to other pressures = low) of effects. The major effects of climate change on each process are highlighted together with the predominant pressures from other drivers. Feedbacks of land degradation processes on climate change are categorised according to the intensity (very intense = high, subtle = low) of the chemical (GHG emissions or capture) or physical (energy and momentum exchange, aerosol emissions) effects. Warming effects are indicated in red and cooling effects in blue. Specific feedbacks on climate change are highlighted.		For each process a ‘focal point’ (soil, water, biota) on which degradation occurs in the first place is indicated, acknowledging that most processes propagate to other land components and cascade into or interact with some of the other processes listed below. The impact of climate change on each process is categorised based on the proximity (very direct = high, very indirect = low) and dominance (dominant = high, subordinate to other pressures = low) of effects. The major effects of climate change on each process are highlighted together with the predominant pressures from other drivers. Feedbacks of land degradation processes on climate change are categorised according to the intensity (very intense = high, subtle = low) of the chemical (GHG emissions or capture) or physical (energy and momentum exchange, aerosol emissions) effects. Warming effects are indicated in red and cooling effects in blue. Specific feedbacks on climate change are highlighted.

	<!-- IMG FILE -->		<!-- IMG FILE -->
	[[File:bd0f83353a4426d84d576f7ceb6c2d56 table-4.1-c.png]] [[File:ae07a84259ab2deab04b25b77f1c14ae table-4.1-b.png]] [[File:24c4ed677f4e9364ae9b543b983f25d6 table-4.1-d.png]] [[File:7ea1721e1692d75bd6f0ecd7035b6c96 table-4.1-a.png]] [[File:78948ffb54cb13fc5094f6433b7237e8 table-4.1-e.png]] [[File:91e0690e53ee286b5279765eec2c017f table-4.1-f.png]]		[[File:bd0f83353a4426d84d576f7ceb6c2d56 table-4.1-c.png]] [[File:ae07a84259ab2deab04b25b77f1c14ae table-4.1-b.png]] [[File:24c4ed677f4e9364ae9b543b983f25d6 table-4.1-d.png]] [[File:7ea1721e1692d75bd6f0ecd7035b6c96 table-4.1-a.png]] [[File:78948ffb54cb13fc5094f6433b7237e8 table-4.1-e.png]] [[File:91e0690e53ee286b5279765eec2c017f table-4.1-f.png]]
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	<!-- END IMG -->		<!-- END IMG -->
	<span id="drivers-of-land-degradation"></span>		<span id="drivers-of-land-degradation"></span>

	=== 4.2.2 Drivers of land degradation ===		=== 4.2.2 Drivers of land degradation ===

Laura at 12:01, 31 May 2026

2026-05-31T12:01:55Z

Show changes

Laura at 08:27, 22 May 2026

2026-05-22T08:27:47Z

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			{{ChapterNavigation
			\| cover = Cover-SRCCL.jpg
			\| reporturl = IPCC:AR6/SRCCL
			\| reporttitle = SRCCL
			\| prevurl = IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-3
			\| nexturl = IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-5
			}}

	= Chapter 4: Land Degradation =		= Chapter 4: Land Degradation =