IPCC:AR6/SR15/Chapter-5 - Revision history

Laura: /* FAQ 5.2 What are the Pathways to Achieving Poverty Reduction and Reducing Inequalities while Reaching a 1.5°C World? */

2026-05-30T07:30:58Z

FAQ 5.2 What are the Pathways to Achieving Poverty Reduction and Reducing Inequalities while Reaching a 1.5°C World?

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	'''''Summary: ''''' ''There are ways to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Of the pathways that exist, some simultaneously achieve sustainable development. They entail a mix of measures that lower emissions and reduce the impacts of climate change, while contributing to poverty eradication and reducing inequalities. Which pathways are possible and desirable will differ between and within regions and nations. This is due to the fact that development progress to date has been uneven and climate-related risks are unevenly distributed. Flexible governance would be needed to ensure that such pathways are inclusive, fair and equitable to avoid poor and disadvantaged populations becoming worse off. Climate-resilient development pathways (CRDPs) offer possibilities to achieve both equitable and low-carbon futures.''		'''''Summary:''''' ''There are ways to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Of the pathways that exist, some simultaneously achieve sustainable development. They entail a mix of measures that lower emissions and reduce the impacts of climate change, while contributing to poverty eradication and reducing inequalities. Which pathways are possible and desirable will differ between and within regions and nations. This is due to the fact that development progress to date has been uneven and climate-related risks are unevenly distributed. Flexible governance would be needed to ensure that such pathways are inclusive, fair and equitable to avoid poor and disadvantaged populations becoming worse off. Climate-resilient development pathways (CRDPs) offer possibilities to achieve both equitable and low-carbon futures.''

	Issues of equity and fairness have long been central to climate change and sustainable development. Equity, like equality, aims to promote justness and fairness for all. This is not necessarily the same as treating everyone equally, since not everyone comes from the same starting point. Often used interchangeably with fairness and justice, equity implies implementing different actions in different places, all with a view to creating an equal world that is fair for all and where no one is left behind.		Issues of equity and fairness have long been central to climate change and sustainable development. Equity, like equality, aims to promote justness and fairness for all. This is not necessarily the same as treating everyone equally, since not everyone comes from the same starting point. Often used interchangeably with fairness and justice, equity implies implementing different actions in different places, all with a view to creating an equal world that is fair for all and where no one is left behind.
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	== References ==		== References ==

Laura: /* Cross-Chapter Box 13: Cities and Urban Transformation */

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Cross-Chapter Box 13: Cities and Urban Transformation

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	<span id="lead-authors-2"></span>		<span id="lead-authors-2"></span>
	~~======~~ Lead Authors ~~======~~		'''Lead Authors'''

	* Fernando Aragón-Durand (Mexico)		* Fernando Aragón-Durand (Mexico)
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	<span id="contributing-authors-2"></span>		<span id="contributing-authors-2"></span>
	~~======~~ Contributing Authors ~~======~~		'''Contributing Authors'''

	* Peter Marcotullio (United States)		* Peter Marcotullio (United States)
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	Urban actions that can highlight the 1.5°C agenda include individual actions within homes (Werfel, 2017; Buntaine and Prather, 2018)<sup>[[#fn:r440\|440]]</sup>; demonstration zero carbon developments (Wiktorowicz et al., 2018)<sup>[[#fn:r441\|441]]</sup>; new partnerships between communities, government and business to build mass transit and electrify transport (Glazebrook and Newman, 2018)<sup>[[#fn:r442\|442]]</sup>; city plans to include climate outcomes (Millard-Ball, 2013)<sup>[[#fn:r443\|443]]</sup>; and support for transformative change across political, professional and sectoral divides (Bai et al., 2018)<sup>[[#fn:r444\|444]]</sup>.		Urban actions that can highlight the 1.5°C agenda include individual actions within homes (Werfel, 2017; Buntaine and Prather, 2018)<sup>[[#fn:r440\|440]]</sup>; demonstration zero carbon developments (Wiktorowicz et al., 2018)<sup>[[#fn:r441\|441]]</sup>; new partnerships between communities, government and business to build mass transit and electrify transport (Glazebrook and Newman, 2018)<sup>[[#fn:r442\|442]]</sup>; city plans to include climate outcomes (Millard-Ball, 2013)<sup>[[#fn:r443\|443]]</sup>; and support for transformative change across political, professional and sectoral divides (Bai et al., 2018)<sup>[[#fn:r444\|444]]</sup>.
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			<span id="conditions-for-achieving-sustainable-development-eradicating-poverty-and-reducing-inequalities-in-1.5c-warmer-worlds"></span>

	~~<span id="conditions-for-achieving-sustainable-development-eradicating-poverty-and-reducing-inequalities-in-1.5c-warmer-worlds"></span>~~
	== 5.6 Conditions for Achieving Sustainable Development, Eradicating Poverty and Reducing Inequalities in 1.5°C Warmer Worlds ==		== 5.6 Conditions for Achieving Sustainable Development, Eradicating Poverty and Reducing Inequalities in 1.5°C Warmer Worlds ==

Laura: /* Box 5.3 Republic of Vanuatu – National Planning for Development and Climate Resilience */

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Box 5.3 Republic of Vanuatu – National Planning for Development and Climate Resilience

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	== Cross-Chapter Box 13: Cities and Urban Transformation ==		== Cross-Chapter Box 13: Cities and Urban Transformation ==

Laura: /* Box 5.3 Republic of Vanuatu – National Planning for Development and Climate Resilience */

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Box 5.3 Republic of Vanuatu – National Planning for Development and Climate Resilience

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	Power imbalances embedded in the political economy of development (Nunn et al., 2014)<sup>[[#fn:r386\|386]]</sup>, gender discrimination (Aipira et al., 2017)<sup>[[#fn:r387\|387]]</sup> and the priorities of climate finance (Cabezon et al., 2016)<sup>[[#fn:r388\|388]]</sup> may marginalize the priorities of local communities and influence how local risks are understood, prioritised and managed (Kuruppu and Willie, 2015; Baldacchino, 2017; Sovacool et al., 2017)<sup>[[#fn:r389\|389]]</sup>. However, the experience of the low death toll after Cyclone Pam suggests effective use of local knowledge in planning and early warning may support resilience at least in the absence of storm surge flooding (Handmer and Iveson, 2017; Nalau et al., 2017)<sup>[[#fn:r390\|390]]</sup>. Nevertheless, the very severe infrastructure damage of Cyclone Pam 2015 highlights the limits of individual Pacific SIDS efforts and the need for global and regional responses to a 1.5°C warmer world (see Chapter 3, Box 3.5, Chapter 4, Box 4.3) (Dilling et al., 2015; Ensor, 2016; Shultz et al., 2016; Rey et al., 2017)<sup>[[#fn:r391\|391]]</sup>.		Power imbalances embedded in the political economy of development (Nunn et al., 2014)<sup>[[#fn:r386\|386]]</sup>, gender discrimination (Aipira et al., 2017)<sup>[[#fn:r387\|387]]</sup> and the priorities of climate finance (Cabezon et al., 2016)<sup>[[#fn:r388\|388]]</sup> may marginalize the priorities of local communities and influence how local risks are understood, prioritised and managed (Kuruppu and Willie, 2015; Baldacchino, 2017; Sovacool et al., 2017)<sup>[[#fn:r389\|389]]</sup>. However, the experience of the low death toll after Cyclone Pam suggests effective use of local knowledge in planning and early warning may support resilience at least in the absence of storm surge flooding (Handmer and Iveson, 2017; Nalau et al., 2017)<sup>[[#fn:r390\|390]]</sup>. Nevertheless, the very severe infrastructure damage of Cyclone Pam 2015 highlights the limits of individual Pacific SIDS efforts and the need for global and regional responses to a 1.5°C warmer world (see Chapter 3, Box 3.5, Chapter 4, Box 4.3) (Dilling et al., 2015; Ensor, 2016; Shultz et al., 2016; Rey et al., 2017)<sup>[[#fn:r391\|391]]</sup>.
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	<div id="section-5-5-3-3-block-3"></div>		<div id="section-5-5-3-3-block-3"></div>

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	<span id="cross-chapter-box-13-cities-and-urban-transformation"></span>		<span id="cross-chapter-box-13-cities-and-urban-transformation"></span>

	== Cross-Chapter Box 13: Cities and Urban Transformation ==		== Cross-Chapter Box 13: Cities and Urban Transformation ==

Laura: /* 5.5.3.3 Country and community strategies and experiences */

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5.5.3.3 Country and community strategies and experiences

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	== Box 5.3 Republic of Vanuatu – National Planning for Development and Climate Resilience ==		== Box 5.3 Republic of Vanuatu – National Planning for Development and Climate Resilience ==

Laura: /* Box 5.2 Challenges and Opportunities of Low-Carbon Pathways in Gulf Cooperative Council Countries */

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Box 5.2 Challenges and Opportunities of Low-Carbon Pathways in Gulf Cooperative Council Countries

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	The Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for GCC countries identified energy efficiency, deployment of renewables and technology transfer to enhance agriculture, food security, protection of marine resources, and management of water and costal zones (Babiker, 2016)<sup>[[#fn:r217\|217]]</sup>. Strategic vision documents, such as Saudi Arabia’s ‘Vision 2030’, identify emergent opportunities for energy price reforms, energy efficiency, turning emissions into valuable products, and deployment of renewables and other clean technologies, if accompanied with appropriate policies to manage the transition and in the context of economic diversification (Luomi, 2014; Atalay et al., 2016; Griffiths, 2017b; Howarth et al., 2017)<sup>[[#fn:r218\|218]]</sup>.		The Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for GCC countries identified energy efficiency, deployment of renewables and technology transfer to enhance agriculture, food security, protection of marine resources, and management of water and costal zones (Babiker, 2016)<sup>[[#fn:r217\|217]]</sup>. Strategic vision documents, such as Saudi Arabia’s ‘Vision 2030’, identify emergent opportunities for energy price reforms, energy efficiency, turning emissions into valuable products, and deployment of renewables and other clean technologies, if accompanied with appropriate policies to manage the transition and in the context of economic diversification (Luomi, 2014; Atalay et al., 2016; Griffiths, 2017b; Howarth et al., 2017)<sup>[[#fn:r218\|218]]</sup>.
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	<div id="section-5-4-1-3"></div>		<div id="section-5-4-1-3"></div>

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	<span id="sustainable-development-pathways-to-1.5c-1"></span>		<span id="sustainable-development-pathways-to-1.5c-1"></span>

	== 5.5 Sustainable Development Pathways to 1.5°C ==		== 5.5 Sustainable Development Pathways to 1.5°C ==

Laura: /* 5.4.1.2 Energy Supply: Accelerated Decarbonization */

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5.4.1.2 Energy Supply: Accelerated Decarbonization

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	<span id="box-5.2-challenges-and-opportunities-of-low-carbon-pathways-in-gulf-cooperative-council-countries"></span>		<span id="box-5.2-challenges-and-opportunities-of-low-carbon-pathways-in-gulf-cooperative-council-countries"></span>
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	== Box 5.2 Challenges and Opportunities of Low-Carbon Pathways in Gulf Cooperative Council Countries ==		== Box 5.2 Challenges and Opportunities of Low-Carbon Pathways in Gulf Cooperative Council Countries ==

Laura: /* Box 5.1 Ecosystem- and Community-Based Practices in Drylands */

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Box 5.1 Ecosystem- and Community-Based Practices in Drylands

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	However, several constraints hinder scaling-up efforts: inadequate attention to the socio-technical processes of innovation (Grist et al., 2017; Scoones et al., 2017)<sup>[[#fn:r154\|154]]</sup>, difficulties in measuring the benefits of an innovation (Coe et al., 2017)<sup>[[#fn:r155\|155]]</sup>, farmers’ inability to deal with long-term climate risk (Singh et al., 2017)<sup>[[#fn:r156\|156]]</sup>, and difficulties for matching practices with agro-ecological conditions and complementary modern inputs (Kassie et al., 2015)<sup>[[#fn:r157\|157]]</sup>. Key conditions to overcome these challenges include: developing agroforestry value chains and markets (Reij and Winterbottom, 2015)<sup>[[#fn:r158\|158]]</sup> and adaptive planning and management (Gray et al., 2016)<sup>[[#fn:r159\|159]]</sup>. Others include inclusive processes giving greater voice to women and marginalized groups (MRFCJ, 2015a; UN Women and MRFCJ, 2016; Dumont et al., 2017)<sup>[[#fn:r160\|160]]</sup>, strengthening community land and forest rights (Stevens et al., 2014; Vermeulen et al., 2016)<sup>[[#fn:r161\|161]]</sup>, and co-learning among communities of practice at different scales (Coe et al., 2014; Reij and Winterbottom, 2015; Sinclair, 2016; Binam et al., 2017; Dumont et al., 2017; Epule et al., 2017)<sup>[[#fn:r162\|162]]</sup>.		However, several constraints hinder scaling-up efforts: inadequate attention to the socio-technical processes of innovation (Grist et al., 2017; Scoones et al., 2017)<sup>[[#fn:r154\|154]]</sup>, difficulties in measuring the benefits of an innovation (Coe et al., 2017)<sup>[[#fn:r155\|155]]</sup>, farmers’ inability to deal with long-term climate risk (Singh et al., 2017)<sup>[[#fn:r156\|156]]</sup>, and difficulties for matching practices with agro-ecological conditions and complementary modern inputs (Kassie et al., 2015)<sup>[[#fn:r157\|157]]</sup>. Key conditions to overcome these challenges include: developing agroforestry value chains and markets (Reij and Winterbottom, 2015)<sup>[[#fn:r158\|158]]</sup> and adaptive planning and management (Gray et al., 2016)<sup>[[#fn:r159\|159]]</sup>. Others include inclusive processes giving greater voice to women and marginalized groups (MRFCJ, 2015a; UN Women and MRFCJ, 2016; Dumont et al., 2017)<sup>[[#fn:r160\|160]]</sup>, strengthening community land and forest rights (Stevens et al., 2014; Vermeulen et al., 2016)<sup>[[#fn:r161\|161]]</sup>, and co-learning among communities of practice at different scales (Coe et al., 2014; Reij and Winterbottom, 2015; Sinclair, 2016; Binam et al., 2017; Dumont et al., 2017; Epule et al., 2017)<sup>[[#fn:r162\|162]]</sup>.
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			<span id="mitigation-and-sustainable-development-1"></span>

	~~<span id="mitigation-and-sustainable-development-1"></span>~~
	== 5.4 Mitigation and Sustainable Development ==		== 5.4 Mitigation and Sustainable Development ==

Laura: /* 5.3.3 Adaptation Pathways towards a 1.5°C Warmer World and Implications for Inequalities */

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5.3.3 Adaptation Pathways towards a 1.5°C Warmer World and Implications for Inequalities

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	<span id="box-5.1-ecosystem--and-community-based-practices-in-drylands"></span>		<span id="box-5.1-ecosystem--and-community-based-practices-in-drylands"></span>
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	== Box 5.1 Ecosystem- and Community-Based Practices in Drylands ==		== Box 5.1 Ecosystem- and Community-Based Practices in Drylands ==

Laura: /* Cross-Chapter Box 12: Residual Risks, Limits to Adaptation and Loss and Damage */

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Cross-Chapter Box 12: Residual Risks, Limits to Adaptation and Loss and Damage

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	# <span id="fn:br478">O’Neill, D.W., A.L. Fanning, W.F. Lamb, and J.K. Steinberger, 2018: A good life for all within planetary boundaries. ''Nature Sustainability'' , '''1(2)''' , 88–95, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893–018–0021–4 10.1038/s41893–018–0021–4] .</span>		# <span id="fn:br478">O’Neill, D.W., A.L. Fanning, W.F. Lamb, and J.K. Steinberger, 2018: A good life for all within planetary boundaries. ''Nature Sustainability'' , '''1(2)''' , 88–95, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893–018–0021–4 10.1038/s41893–018–0021–4] .</span>
	# <span id="fn:br479">Patterson, J.J. et al., 2018: Political feasibility of 1.5°C societal transformations: the role of social justice. ''Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability'' , '''31''' , 1–9, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.11.002 10.1016/j.cosust.2017.11.002] . Robinson, M. and T. Shine, 2018: Achieving a climate justice pathway to 1.5°C. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''8(7)''' , 564–569, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558–018–0189–7 10.1038/s41558–018–0189–7] .</span>		# <span id="fn:br479">Patterson, J.J. et al., 2018: Political feasibility of 1.5°C societal transformations: the role of social justice. ''Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability'' , '''31''' , 1–9, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.11.002 10.1016/j.cosust.2017.11.002] . Robinson, M. and T. Shine, 2018: Achieving a climate justice pathway to 1.5°C. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''8(7)''' , 564–569, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558–018–0189–7 10.1038/s41558–018–0189–7] .</span>
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	<span id="climate-adaptation-and-sustainable-development"></span>		<span id="climate-adaptation-and-sustainable-development"></span>